7 d+ r0 Z" D; O( M, e4 U# \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, 8 D0 E" V ?5 o) b, f0 Z7 D# c! A/ |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, 9 d, L) r8 ^9 P! U$ O8 I) W4 e3 o
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: d! g5 {% s" o+ p( [7 U
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, $ Z8 o8 h5 e$ K* h1 Y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,: |# P: d9 m# ^: }" ?1 m. L' mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, Y% g6 ^' P8 m7 u. u0 k
"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。
7 V T% h1 N; N: U* ~) X: t$ G7 F7 `% u7 J* ]
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! A" y& c& M, V$ C: r9 H1 P; ?, r* K1 W3 {6 M& z7 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 2 D: G! q' V& z- z. T: q4 e9 `) y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, ; N- d5 E# q1 _. N! a& q4 Y; p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 m4 L) R- h2 P7 n8 g( e"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
9 u P' f C8 a# m# U& n/ r% N, imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 6 [# ^& t' v! g+ X* ?宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, $ y. L" i0 @0 e p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ j) g( H; K: U' i+ B. q1 L3 D5 z"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 o: }9 p" Y+ w3 }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' s6 y2 q8 Z5 S" S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 ! b! E3 X6 B* L; ~ a+ k/ |
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 ]5 Y5 v c1 i0 c' V+ B"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 9 z3 F0 ?' _5 {! N' A9 Y: b, ^
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6 _6 \2 ~8 B# g* t" n1 d' ?- I3 _, ~6 j; e* }% K) `% P3 @$ Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, / G/ I {: w2 l% b s7 F1 S1 o1 N2 J
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 1 d+ N! k7 v$ H @7 `" n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 6 @8 l! v8 E. u/ U2 }( b9 [3 q$ K
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 3 q0 y0 C. p( ? ^, N5 `. S+ e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ a3 a3 y& f# \ M6 u, d+ U2 g/ d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ! b$ Y/ \* L5 b2 n2 ?- P+ h6 v
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
/ {2 V- K/ L0 q& Y$ I& r3 w8 t% H"Times New Roman"">前者为因, - X( u3 L5 Q' |& R6 M5 H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, - M9 R2 M2 Y2 A# Q5 _) D- b5 hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
1 k0 l5 f; K# N/ a; X"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,0 n# N+ i, p1 a0 T
4 S; J" n3 p. U8 W$ A1 ]! y' t
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 v# |) Q' c2 Q$ S) U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, * t' Y, T- Y: ] j! y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ q5 n t, U3 j" f! n, V/ N
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 6 n8 W% R. {/ G: N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ( U9 M. \$ ^1 r4 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 c: p. A8 j+ v. f' |# Z8 r
"Times New Roman"">“ 4 u( b# D J# H) {( X: dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? & o2 P& ]: n2 b: f$ U. i4 N+ S0 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 3 j) R- R4 @/ O. e$ H+ }% Q) ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ' Q; ~9 \* D! L' dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: O& }4 w K1 G% W! M* B8 [
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:$ @- W; {% P$ i# ^
* T+ N7 g8 B: j! Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 8 `! K* v5 S/ }! p3 o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 5 ^, J, \+ c" u5 f) y2 z* x% kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:4 x& H* B! g1 V' v
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
8 {) c# M8 ?, Y$ _/ `& L. T3 p6 x4 G8 Vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 4 C$ B7 P1 C/ Z/ Z5 p7 T! u
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* U. |0 D5 |1 i( U"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, X& l" b6 ]8 P- Fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 9 r% `6 n! R" K, Z
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里* i' b j; `& j' l
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 9 w& g* F; P2 S; H
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(- @: Z% A5 O7 g# e2 n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ; ?! l2 F# @/ Q( ^& g& p$ B U, q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ S# x7 |: D# p. H4 H5 }0 S; |6 W' S"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用. |' Q/ M6 G m, _
12.0pt">, 3 S& Y& v3 B% n% c% Y
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 1 ~9 b1 E$ ]$ ]- j9 X
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, o# x- K/ N# K0 D% ~& t
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 5 C; a# I! g0 s6 W+ \
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!# l; c) |! k( O7 E2 V$ }* Z1 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 9 D: K4 A: [' ~
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" N, o% V3 t7 n4 m"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: " [7 ?% Y/ p8 x! [& g0 R2 N' y2 J- [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ( M8 B% s6 g T" n& i
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 5 U! ^) l. a8 wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) |: r4 \& M8 `- V' C2 j/ ~: d"Times New Roman"">“ ; a. i0 n$ r' x" r# z$ ]* ]* Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”% k1 u. J5 o; g8 |" w2 c12.0pt"> # ^* J8 i9 r& n# a! {"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。
# Y) U6 P! I( @# t
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p' M# V+ o, t2 q: Z+ S) S! S+ L5 W) n$ u
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 3 E$ L' U# m% H: Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, D! e/ n C6 t U( Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! b# {4 {5 W4 Z"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, : E& Z$ ]/ S+ F# \; `; n1 |( ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, - u2 \( q) }( D" a+ A O
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - ^- m7 ^( J: U" V: Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ V; T- S- q/ u2 T" D. {"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ . ?4 p! I) W) Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” - p& G# B" H8 |1 z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
$ X- G. Y) t4 @4 R! a
3 y+ D2 ~* ?- @: I3 n- ]
, O3 z" _% H, v: U) K
& s" _4 A" ^) x& Z" Q6 Y; W$ {* U: [. o' U# F2 h. c( }4 m& {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,4 b2 M, W& J" o3 ~4 k G: A
1 s& l. L0 ]3 A: h7 _7 c* o. z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% `& H. v% h U8 y"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构 " Q% w0 i& ]5 n" O$ s9 s
- J% B ?4 k% B* ^! C* S
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* C8 }2 k0 d' M" I8 Q' T( a1 E8 R" \5 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, : d6 m" |% T3 h4 \
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 1 s/ [8 S) R+ B2 e+ g# r& v
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) k4 b) M1 {% m( _! y0 q
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,0 r2 d# p) [( Y/ \
) p8 R B" J+ N$ V* Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, : v7 r Y* Z' o. o' t& A
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% i" d } n8 ~9 S
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,& b' A U' r- \2 H) g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, * J4 J4 J, O1 q. ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' g3 w, U! l8 o0 ?5 U& D
"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题- c7 Z2 H* n9 Z3 M1 A' P12.0pt">: 0 B* A7 Z8 ]% `& K8 a' f"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 0 G, t# c/ W7 m: H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ v0 k4 U: O7 {4 l" Y
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才* e! P* \ q' p1 T) S* m. m
12.0pt">, 7 i% {5 u! N. L( B' V5 H"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, . U) {7 F) n1 X0 o6 v8 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
# a( r6 W' ^* m$ ~* N"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; & z& |- C6 o+ d5 J1 Q3 |% j
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, , h* x4 Q, N) T! ^* b% t
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 2 E8 T: i% i3 h: J. ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. _% H8 ~, P/ T"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题4 E) j6 C1 ]6 D* I! P; u% z12.0pt">; 6 T, Y6 P% U8 Y6 p9 p"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 3 Q1 H; {! t7 I$ d9 B( D3 @) xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; m, r, Q* I2 | x" N
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求2 P# O2 ?$ O8 U7 [12.0pt">: ) A/ r# ` V! p! j: q* H+ \"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; / C. C4 k/ l0 v$ L4 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. B" Y9 c# J: \4 i2 r, t% B( _
"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 1 [9 L7 Z( K i0 [' p
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, " G& b1 o- F6 W) ]+ x- X+ G6 _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! B8 C% z0 W; A, r# p9 M1 L"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统. d/ j9 H) G. U& C/ W! A! q0 N. r
12.0pt">:
! G4 K& Z& T9 n, d
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% V W t- Q7 M( w' ~6 _6 _4 `: S" M+ F% |mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ # B; h* q5 Z k! G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” " \% H8 j. n6 |1 v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕 8 X2 h# y% R/ k
8 m& q6 m0 i! S. k m5 L
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9 c; w0 h! z) R- N; c! B$ O) `8 I3 t. y4 Y' w! X) E# n* Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 6 U. K: N2 U7 t5 {. }4 c! {
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> ) n) ~ j7 y- ]; r7 o# \! F
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
9 H3 A* P# Y0 G4 S9 h# s. S% r( _2 s: m* f/ C8 K9 L2 t: c; f4 i5 ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& [; ?: g# x7 @0 H+ D"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 7 D& g5 N) x9 L% W
3 _( Z- e: w1 `: ~% q ; [9 ?* i3 @) A
* E, P5 ?0 f' O+ v4 R8 B1 I5 c7 w) a& c
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, / i5 a/ h# I4 D7 f! R1 B1 Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, P# j0 d4 D Y, ]% n& q' E
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, 6 V2 v0 k m9 m
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 9 C" ]( V1 k. W* |' l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:- u6 N- D, ?! b: w8 u8 h
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,
# o; T6 G, w1 p9 G4 }) ^4 p+ T: {" Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 4 T/ B+ Q) K1 A6 j$ @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& }6 j8 p/ f# Y& o: A. P"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 0 B/ d. `6 D7 R# K: a
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, % P4 I: j" \* a. |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: ! w$ ]. c" j) T# l5 D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 {' k9 o5 t# n
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ! T9 A4 c7 h6 r, C0 B5 X
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 6 k. R% d# A5 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: |3 z$ t4 b. R
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, ; C q- B. l" u/ j s宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。 ' T d# q* t+ a2 a& v+ z' M: `
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( |8 x% G. L% I% [* G( x; I
+ U% E* f- S0 |! _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,$ J. B. X+ p' o3 h8 y9 u
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"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定9 b8 Z5 |/ B1 e5 u4 `
12.0pt">, + L; U4 R! s! |4 T8 Q& u% z9 |"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 8 N4 b$ I3 w2 ~8 c) Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( f: H) w) Q- C! Y; a"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:5 S Y3 P2 X/ l2 M# E) a( r, N
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, - N& O8 S4 N% Y) B/ A
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, & A9 \' K4 T$ V
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1 V* u" v: g8 v: P8 D* v% j"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 6 \/ M! z) i1 @$ ~& W/ Emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, # }% H0 A: b" ` |4 bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) r2 o1 J' L5 g7 [+ d& x2 x
"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: " t1 x( C( U8 \3 }5 \9 ]- l1 B宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 9 M% w9 B# U1 i; F& u" ^宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 E0 ?# d* u/ h" R8 }
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"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |